After 1849, however, Americans no longer had the luxury of not thinking about china: they had to face the new and starling problems of rising Chinese immigration into the western united states.

• 然而1849年以后，美国不再认为瓷器是一个与他们无关的奢侈品，他们不得不面对这样一个新问题：越来越多的西方国家向中国殖民。