A convenience sample consisting of 717 pregnant women who made a prenatal clinical visit in southern Taiwan were recruited for this study.The sample included 369 primigravida and 348 multigravida.

• 属描述性、比较性之横断式研究设计，共收案717名南部医院的怀孕妇女（初孕妇369人、经孕妇348人）。