A common problem for agencies that conduct formal adjudications is determining when a proposed decision will have such a substantial collateral impact on parties other than the respondent that they must be given notice and an opportunity to be heard.

• 进行正式裁决的机关所面临的一个共同的问题是：什么时候建议中的决定将对有关当事人而非被告产生实质上的附带影响，对此，机关应给予他们以通知并向他们提供听证的机会。